Today, 11 April, we observe World Parkinson’s Disease Day, held in honour of Dr James Parkinson, the English physician who first identified and described the symptoms of the disease in 1817. This day aims to raise awareness among all those affected by the condition, including their carers and families.
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that affects both personal and family life. It primarily impacts how people move and control their movements. In the brain, there is a progressive loss of neurons. These neurons produce a chemical substance called dopamine, which is responsible for transmitting messages between different areas of the brain that control body movement.
As neurons die and dopamine levels decrease, characteristic signs and symptoms begin to appear, including bradykinesia (slowness of movement), rigidity, resting tremor, and gait disturbances, which can lead to imbalance and falls. In addition, non-motor symptoms are also common, such as cognitive changes, anxiety, depression, apathy, and sleep disorders.
Sleep disturbances can appear long before motor symptoms and have a negative impact on quality of life. The most common sleep issues in people with PD include: insomnia; obstructive sleep apnoea, which can further worsen already existing sleep difficulties; restless legs syndrome; excessive daytime sleepiness, often linked to poor night-time sleep, medication use or the presence of depression; and REM sleep behaviour disorder, characterised by very vivid dreams. These disturbances may increase tiredness, fatigue and irritability. It is essential that healthcare professionals provide a proper diagnosis in order to treat these conditions effectively.
The exact cause of Parkinson’s Disease is still unknown, but there are several risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing it. These include: age (more common in older individuals); male gender (although it can also affect women); genetics (some people may carry specific genes that predispose them to the condition); and certain environmental factors, such as exposure to pesticides. However, the presence of risk factors does not necessarily mean the person will develop the disease.
Diagnosis of PD is primarily clinical. Therefore, in case of any symptoms or concerns, a neurologist should always be consulted.
Although there is currently no cure for the disease, several treatment options are available to help alleviate symptoms and improve the patient’s quality of life. These include medication and rehabilitation aimed at improving both motor and non-motor symptoms.
Parkinson’s Disease requires the support of carers and family members, as the person becomes increasingly dependent on help with daily activities. The carer must not only be available, but also knowledgeable about the condition and fully committed to the role, ensuring proper and compassionate care.
The carer’s role goes beyond offering support — it involves assisting with all tasks needed to suit the individual’s pace and helping improve their quality of life.
If you are a carer or have a family member with Parkinson’s Disease, here are some suggestions:
- Be the link between the person with PD, healthcare professionals, and/or other family members;
- Ensure medication is taken as prescribed by the doctor;
- Encourage participation in activities that stimulate the brain (e.g. social or cultural activities);
- Provide assistance with mobility and motor tasks;
- Ensure safe and appropriate nutrition, avoiding choking hazards;
- Be a good listener and help the person express their feelings and fears;
- Provide feedback to healthcare professionals regarding the person’s condition, potential reactions to medication and treatments, as well as any changes in mood and/or behaviour.
The carer/family member plays an essential role in the life of someone with PD, offering attention, tireless support, motivation, and reassurance in times of anxiety, fear or doubt, helping the person overcome their limitations.
11, April 2025