Dr. Luís Almeida Dores

Otolaryngologist

Inferior turbinates?

Don't want them hypertrophied

HPA Magazine 24 // 2025

The inferior turbinates are small structures located inside the nose, essential for the proper functioning of the respiratory system.
Although they often go unnoticed, they play a fundamental role in the quality of our breathing, warming, filtering, and humidifying the air we breathe.
When something interferes with their functioning, symptoms may arise that affect breathing and quality of life.

Anatomy and Function of the Inferior Turbinates
The inferior turbinates are bony projections covered by a layer of soft tissue and mucosa found on the lateral walls of each nostril.
There are three types of nasal turbinates (superior, middle, and inferior), but the inferior one is the largest and most important in controlling airflow. The main function of the inferior turbinates is:
• Air Heating: when we inhale, cold air passes through the turbinates, where it is heated before reaching the lungs.
• Humidification: the turbinates help maintain humidity in the air we breathe, which is essential for protecting the airways from dryness and irritation.
• Filtration: dust particles, pollutants, and microorganisms are retained in the mucosa of the turbinates, preventing them from entering the lower airways.

Common Inferior Turbinate Problems
Although they are vital for healthy breathing, the inferior turbinates can, in certain situations, cause problems that affect respiratory well-being:

1. Turbinate hypertrophy: hypertrophy occurs when the turbinates increase in size, obstructing the passage of air and causing a constant blocked nose sensation. This condition can be triggered by:
• Allergic Rhinitis: chronic inflammation due to
• Repeated infections: sinusitis or other respiratory infections
• Exposure to Irritants: such as smoke, dust, or pollution.
2. Vasomotor Rhinitis: in this case, the turbinates overreact to stimuli such as temperature changes, strong smells, or stress, leading to nasal congestion.
3. Deviation of the Nasal Septum: A deviation in the septum (the wall that separates the nostrils) can press on the turbinates, resulting in respiratory discomfort.

Symptoms Associated with Inferior Turbinate Problems
• Stuffy nose, even when not present
• Difficulty breathing through the nose
• Feeling of dryness or irritation
• Snoring or sleep disturbances due to obstruction
• Headaches or facial pressure, in cases of congestion
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of problems in the inferior turbinates is carried out by an otolaryngologist, through a clinical examination and, often, a rhinoscopy (direct visualization of the inside of the nose with a small camera). In more complex cases, a CT scan (computed tomography) may be necessary to assess the extent of the obstruction.

Treatment
Treatment options depend on the severity of symptoms and underlying causes:
1. Drug Treatment:
• Corticosteroid Nasal Sprays: Reduce inflammation and swelling of the turbinates.
• Decongestants: temporarily relieve nasal obstruction, but should be used in moderation to avoid the so-called “rebound effect” (production of opposite and increased symptoms when the effect of the medication wears off).
• Antihistamines: indicated to control allergic symptoms.
2. Surgery - Turbinoplasty:
When turbinate hypertrophy does not respond to drug treatment, surgery may be recommended. There are different surgical techniques, including:
• Turbinate reduction: using laser, radiofrequency, or partial removal of tissue to unblock the nasal passage.
• Correction of the Nasal Septum: if there is an associated deviation, it may be necessary to correct it to improve breathing.

How to Care for the Inferior Turbinates on a Daily Basis
• Regular Nasal Hygiene: Washing your nose with saline solution helps keep your turbinates clean and free from irritants.
• Avoid Exposure to Irritants: Smoke, pollution, and dust can aggravate inflammation.
• Control Allergies: Proper use of anti-allergy medication can prevent attacks and improve breathing.

In short, the inferior turbinates play an essential role in healthy breathing, but they can be affected by several conditions that make it difficult for air to pass through. If you experience persistent symptoms of nasal congestion or difficulty breathing, seek medical advice. Early diagnosis and proper treatment can significantly improve your quality of life and restore the comfort of breathing well.