Crohn’s Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, likely of autoimmune origin, characterised by inflammation of the digestive tract, which may cause ulcers and bleeding. It most commonly affects the colon and terminal ileum, but can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the anus.

Common symptoms include abdominal pain, persistent diarrhoea, fatigue and weight loss. Extra-intestinal manifestations may also occur, such as oral ulcers, skin changes, joint pain, eye inflammation and anal complications, including fistulas or abscesses.

Diagnosis is based on clinical assessment, physical examination and complementary investigations, including laboratory tests, abdominal ultrasound, colonoscopy with examination of the terminal ileum, CT enterography or capsule endoscopy. Colonoscopy with biopsy is essential to confirm the diagnosis and exclude other conditions.

Treatment
May include:

• Anti-inflammatory medications;
• Immunomodulators;
• Biological therapies;
• Surgery.

A balanced diet adapted to individual tolerance is essential. Some patients identify foods that worsen symptoms and should therefore avoid them. Regular physical activity and smoking cessation are strongly recommended, as smoking is associated with disease worsening and an increased need for surgery.