Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic condition of the digestive system characterised by persistent intestinal inflammation, which may cause redness, swelling and ulcer formation. It mainly includes two conditions: ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. When a clear distinction between the two cannot be made, it is referred to as indeterminate colitis.

In addition to intestinal symptoms, manifestations may occur in other parts of the body, such as joint pain and swelling, skin lesions, mouth ulcers and eye inflammation.

The causes of IBD are not fully understood, but are believed to result from the interaction between genetic and environmental factors and an abnormal immune response. Smoking is an important risk factor and is particularly associated with disease progression.

Main symptoms include:

• Persistent diarrhoea, with or without blood;
• Abdominal pain and cramping;
• Weight loss and reduced appetite;
• Fatigue, weakness and anaemia;
• Fever and extra-intestinal manifestations.

Diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, endoscopic and imaging studies, which allow determination of the extent and severity of inflammation. Regular surveillance is essential to monitor disease progression and prevent complications, such as colorectal cancer.

Treatment aims to control inflammation, relieve symptoms and reduce relapses. It may include anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, immunomodulators and biological therapies. In more severe cases or when there is no response to medication, surgery may be required.

Although there is no way to prevent the disease, adopting healthy lifestyle habits, maintaining a balanced diet, stopping smoking and ensuring regular medical follow-up are essential to improve quality of life and reduce the risk of complications.