Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, occurs when there is a sudden interruption in the blood flow to a part of the myocardium, the heart muscle. The main cause of this blockage is atherosclerosis, that is, the accumulation of fat, cholesterol, and other toxic substances in the coronary arteries. This accumulation forms plaques that can obstruct the arteries, preventing the blood from reaching the heart adequately. When one of these plaques ruptures, blood clots can form, completely blocking the artery and interrupting the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the heart.

Among the main risk factors for myocardial infarction are high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol levels, smoking, physical inactivity, an unbalanced diet, and stress. Additionally, people with a family history of heart disease are also more likely to develop this condition.

Signs and Symptoms

• Chest pain: a feeling of pressure or heaviness in the chest, which can be intense, usually located in the centre. The pain may radiate to the arms, neck, jaw, back, or stomach;
• Breathing difficulties: a feeling of shortness of breath, which may occur even at rest;
• Dizziness or fainting sensation: may be a sign that the heart is not pumping blood adequately to the body;
• Excessive sweating: sudden and cold;
• Nausea or vomiting;
• Intense fatigue, even with light activities;
• Anxiety or a sense of panic;

In women, the symptoms may be less evident or may present in an atypical manner, such as back pain, indigestion, or nausea.

The diagnosis of myocardial infarction is made based on the clinical examination of the patient, medical history, and a series of supplementary tests. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is crucial for identifying changes in heart rhythm and signs of damage to the heart muscle. Blood tests are also performed to check for the presence of biomarkers. In some cases, a coronary angiography may be required, a procedure that allows the visualisation of the coronary arteries and checks for blockages.

The treatment of myocardial infarction aims to quickly restore blood flow to the heart and minimise the damage caused by this ischaemia. The initial approach may involve medications such as anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs, and fibrinolytics, which help dissolve the blood clots. In some cases, invasive procedures such as angioplasty may be necessary, where a balloon is used to unblock the arteries. In more severe cases, when multiple blockages are present, a coronary artery bypass surgery may be indicated, creating new routes for blood to bypass the obstructed arteries.

Regular medical follow-up and cardiac rehabilitation, which includes supervised exercises, as well as guidance on healthy lifestyle habits, are crucial for recovery.

Prevention of myocardial infarction is directly linked to healthy lifestyle habits. Adopting a balanced diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, fibre, and healthy fats, while avoiding processed foods, can help control cholesterol and blood pressure. Regular physical exercise is fundamental for strengthening the heart, improving blood circulation, and controlling weight. Additionally, managing stress and undergoing routine check-ups to monitor conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol can help identify and treat risk factors before they cause damage to the heart.